Similarly, -(e)d1 is often used for the past and, instead of -en, -(e)d2 is used for the past participle. 2. Recursive acronyms, in which the abbreviation itself is the expansion of one initial (particularly enjoyed by the open-source community): VISA: VISA International Service Association, GNU: GNU’s Not Unix! For example: Clipping may also occur in compounds. This method is difficult to achieve and is considered a sign of Carroll’s verbal wit. This is a good point of reference to help you distinguish between abbreviations and acronyms. Identify the free morphemes in the following words: 123 Morphology and Word Formation kissed, freedom, stronger, follow, awe, goodness, talkative, teacher, actor. Examples: algebra – Arabic, bagel – Yiddish, cherub – Hebrew, chow mein – Chinese, fjord – Norwegian, galore – Irish, haiku – Japanese, kielbasa – Polish, murder – French, near – Sanskrit, paprika – Hungarian, pizza – Italian, smorgasbord – Swedish, tamale – Spanish, yo-yo – Tagalog. It leaves no room for uncertainty. The main point of reference is that abbreviations are merely a series of letters while acronyms form new words. By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself. Fred __________, cab __________ 12. MEPs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. For example: in the present indefinite, we use ‘go’ with subject I/we/you/they and plural nouns, whereas for third person singular pronouns (he/she/it) and singular nouns we use ‘goes’. Exercise- 10: Write the original words against the clipped words. Then there are initialisms which cause some confusion. The method used in this study is a qualitative case study of the English language in a … So far, we have dealt with different types of English morphemes and highlighted numerous issues among them. word formation processes occurring in LotRO were investigated, and functional shift and semantic change were determined to be among the most frequently used processes. An endocentric compound consists of a head, i.e. Phonetics: International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), There are bundles of currency notes inside the, I saved all the word documents in a Compact, Sarah was excited as she was to travel by, The clown at the circus wore a very loose, Our Principal contacted the chief guest over the, The meeting was attended by diplomats and the top military, We interrupt this programme to bring you a, Lora saved all her money in order to send her husband for a, scuba (self-contained underwater breathing apparatus), NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), SIM card (subscriber identification module), AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, Back clipping b. Fore-clipping c. Middle clipping d. Complex clipping, Pronounced as a word, containing only initial letters: FNMA: (Fannie Mae) Federal National Mortgage Association, NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, Pronounced as a word, containing non-initial letters: Amphetamine: Alpha-methyl-phenethylamine ,Gestapo: GeheimeStaatspolizei (“secret state police”), pronounced only as the names of letters: BBC: British Broadcasting Corporation, DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid, shortcut incorporated into name: W3C: (double-u three cee)- World Wide Web Consortium, W3M: (three em) originally Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company. the categorical part that contains the basic meaning of the whole compound, and modifiers, which restrict this meaning. These small bits are called affixes. Multiple sounds from two component words are blended, while mostly preserving the sounds’ order. Beware that both abbreviations and acronyms are typically considered informal and should be carefully considered before including them in more formal writings. That’s another popular abbreviation, shortened from the word “versus”. For Example: brunch (breakfast and lunch). We enunciate each letter. An online tool for enhancing English Language skills. Examples: Biology, boxer, ozone from German Jacket, yoghurt, kiosh from Turkish Pistol, robot from Czech. In linguistics, morphology is the study of words, how they are formed, and their relationship to other words in the same language. It can be categorized in to two i.e. The word loanword is itself a calque of the German Lehnwort. Before you use any type of abbreviation consider your audience; are you writing something formal or informal? Tom __________, vibes __________ 14. Terms in this set (35) Ben (for Benjamin) clipping to shorten a word without regard for morph boundaries. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, 6. To emphasize means to call attention to something or show that it is important. A loanword (or loan word) is a word directly taken into one language from another with little or no translation. Smash definition, to break to pieces with violence and often with a crashing sound, as by striking, letting fall, or dashing against something; shatter: He smashed the … A blend is a word formed from parts of two other words. Processes of word formation 1. The process used on the creation of this word is blending because the word Modem originated from a blend of two words: modulator-demodulator. In the process, both words lose parts. There are, of course, numerous word formation processes that do not arouse any controversies and are very similar in the majority of languages. Headhunters are invading university campuses in search of fresh talents among undergraduates. Explain BACKFORMATION as a method of word-formation. Word Formation. Indicate by the first letter the process of formation represented by each of the words below. Nowadays, the terms ‘word formation’ does not have a clear cut, universally accepted usage. Many consider initialisms to be a subset of acronyms-therefore whether you pronounce ASAP as a word or enunciate each letter, it’s still an acronym-but be aware that others say it is another form of abbreviation. English has many loanwords. IVA …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Can a morpheme be represented by a single phoneme? VI Give the originals of these blends: VII Give the blends that result from fusing these words. Levels of Difficulty: Elementary Intermediate Advanced . Clipping. Joe __________, gin __________ 15. Would you consider “VIP” to be an acronym? Nato (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), Aids (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), Ram (random access memory), and also to words such as radar (radio distancing and ranging), laser (light amplification by simulated emission of radiation), jeep (GP from General Purpose Vehicle) etc., which are more complex abbreviations. For example: ad (advertisement), cable (cablegram), doc(doctor), exam (examination), gas (gasoline), math (mathematics), memo(memorandum), gym (gymnastics, gymnasium) mutt (muttonhead), pub(public house), pop (popular concert), trad (traditional jazz), fax(facsimile). As neologism or coinage, we identify the word formation process of inventing entirely new words (neology). Explain BLENDING as a method of word-formation. Let’s take a look at some of the popular ones we see and/or use almost daily. Examples are nite (night), thanx (thanks), lite (light) etc. Misspelling quite often gives rise to brand names. How about “vs.”? There’s a great deal of overlap between abbreviations and acronyms. and the months of the year (Jan., Feb., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.). f. (the) muppets. For example: Borrowing is just taking a word from another language. Tightening “December” to “Dec.” is an abbreviation because “Dec.”is simply a written shorthand for the full word. 26 . Clippings are, also, known as “shortenings.”Clipping mainly consists of the following types: Back clipping or apocopation is the most common type, in which the beginning is retained. For example, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and radar (radio detecting and ranging). It is sometimes referred to all processes connected with changing the form of the word by, for example, affixation, which is a matter of morphology. Endocentric compounds tend to be of the same part of speech (word class) as their head, as in the case of doghouse. When one phoneme change expresses morphological meaning, this word-formation process is called: T. Al __________, deli __________ 13. Pearl Anjelie G. Barazona Grade 8 Pasteur Identify the word formation process used for each term. Creative Respelling is a word formation that employs the strategy of altering letter(s) of a word. It should be pointed out that many coinages have come into existence by using brand names instead of the object being referred to. Word formation is a process where one combines two complete words, whereas with inflection you can combine a suffix with some verb to change its form to subject of the sentence. pseudo-acronyms are used because, when pronounced as intended, they resemble the sounds of other words: ICQ: “I seek you” , IOU: “I owe you“, multi-layered acronyms: GAIM: GTK+ AOL Instant Messenger, i.e. (to) laze. WF074 - Word Formation Sentences Intermediate; WF073 - Word Formation Sentences Intermediate; WF072 - Noun Suffixes Advanced; WF071 - Negative Forms Intermediate; Clipping is the word formation process which consists in the reduction of a word to one of its parts (Marchand: 1969). Another term, alphabetism, is sometimes used to describe abbreviations pronounced as the names of letters. For example: the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives into adverbs (slow → slowly). Like abbreviations, acronyms and initialisms are used daily and most people can interpret the meaning of common acronyms without much thought. We have also identified that derivational morphemes are used to create or derive new words or to make words of a different grammatical class from the stem. Use the words given in CAPITALS to form a word that fits into the gap. Notion of a Word; Word Knowledge – Quiz; Word Formation. A compound is a lexeme (a word) that consists of more than one other lexeme. In some cases the initials are pronounced, as in MP (military police, or Member of Parliament). To employusually means to give a job to someone—to pay them for their work. Identify the process of word formation responsible for each of the following words. Try to determine the process before you consult a dictionary, though it may be necessary for you to do so. Indicate the word formation process responsible for the creation of each word in column A. Exercise- 3: Identify the syntactic pattern in each of the following compounds and express it in a lexical rule. 2. Analyze the words, identifying the roots and their parts of speech, as well all the affixes and their function as nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, or adverbializer.Example: housekeeper, house (root – noun) + keep (root – verb) + -er (nominalizer). In an exocentric compound, the word class is determined lexically, disregarding the class of the constituents. Clipped forms, shortened abbreviations of words, have a checkered history. III Give the original words from which these clipped words were formed. Compounding is simply the joining of two or more words into a single word, as in hang glider, airstrip, cornflakes, busybody, downpour, cutoff, skywarn, alongside, breakfast, long-haired, devil-may-care, high school. Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol. Example: aspirin, escalator, heroin, band-aid, factoid, Frisbee, Google, kerosene, Kleenex, Laundromat, linoleum, muggle, nylon, psychedelic, quark, Xerox, zipper, coalgate, In linguistics, derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word. The price of oil reached its all-time-high yesterday. Internal Structure of a Word. Example: happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. It is common that coinages are regularly called neologisms. b. In complex clipping, one part of the original compound most often remains intact. Try to determine the process before you consult a dictionary, though it may be necessary for you to do so. For example, when we go scuba diving, we rarely consider the fact that scuba is an acronym of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. g. Processes of word formation are the bases upon which words are formed in a language. Abbreviations and acronyms are often interchanged, yet the two are quite distinct. For Example: Californication (from a song by the Red Hot Chili Peppers, is a blend of California and fornication). Exocentric compounds do not have a head, and their meaning often cannot be transparently guessed from its constituent parts. The unclipped original may be either a simple or a composite. Identify the word formation process used to create the following words:1) Slang2) Update3) Stardom Get the answers you need, now! For example Kleenex tissues, Mortal Kombat (game), Qwikster (movie-by-mail service). Fore-clipping or aphaeresis retains the final part. One of the issues noted, however, was the problem of deciding the exact word formation process in use, as there were often more than one involved simultaneously. IV Give the originals of these clipped words. I. NBA is another initialism. d. (to) cohere. Each one allows writers to make large blocks of text easier to read. In fact, derivation is by far the most common word formation process in the creation of new English words. Morphology, Word Formation Dr. Shadia Banjar. Use the words above (and any other words that you think are rel-evant) to answer the following questions: a. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more. GNU Image Manipulation Program Tool Kit America OnLine Instant Messenger, i.e. In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word.Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning.The boundary between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define as a new use of an old word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Below are examples of blending words. Gene __________, van __________ 9. Example: gravedigger N + V + -er > N, Exercise- 4: The following words are compounds which also include derivational affixes. Exercise- 5: Analyze the following words into morphs using the model given below: Exercise- 6: Underline examples of COMPOUNDING and AFFIXATION: Exercise- 7: CLIPPING: give the entire word of the following clipped forms and translate them: Exercise- 8: BLENDING: give the two words forming the following blends and translate them: Exercise- 9: ACRONYMS: give the extended phrase and the Italian/English equivalents of the following abbreviations: OECD ………………………………………………………………………………………………, POW …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Identify the processes involved in the creation of the following forms. Definition of smash_1 verb in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. The beginning of one word is added to the end of the other. Change of spelling is often used in commercials and slogans. It is defined as a word-formation process which transposes a lexeme to a new word-class without the addition of an overtly marked suffix. If you need to explain the abbreviation, write out the word or phrase in full first followed by the abbreviation in parentheses. A blend is different from a portmanteau word in that a portmanteau refers strictly to a blending of two function words, similar to a contraction. Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. It’s not an acronym since “Dec.” isn’t said as a word. Governments have responded to tax-flight in many different ways. Exercise -2: The words in column A have been created from the corresponding words in column B. 1. insane 2. In these cases the abbreviations are based on older forms of the word. (c) 2007 September. Initialisms act in the same way. That this change has actually taken . Some other examples for backformation are: Some back-formed words like burger (from Hamburger) are used as compound: beefburger, cheeseburger etc.Explain HYPOCORISM as a method of word formation.Hypocorism is using a noun differently as endearment term. Their estimates for the origin of English words were as follows: However, if the frequency of use of words is considered, words from Old and Middle English occupy the vast majority. When we use compounding, we link together two or more bases to create a new word. 005 English word formation 245 Examine the following examples and identify which one of the following processes is used in their derivations: acronyms, derivation, conversion, borrowing, compounding, reduplication, clipping. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes. Brand or Product names often involve creative respelling, such as Mr. Kleen or Krunch. When writing in academic contexts, in business writing, or another formal environment, take note of the status of these common clipped forms: Acronyms and initialisms are abbreviations, such as NATO, LASER, and IBM that are formed using the initial letters of words or word parts in a phrase or name. for hour that is still said as the full word or words. This process is called affixation, a term which covers both prefixation and suffixation. Coinage is the word formation process in which a new word is created either deliberately or accidentally without using the other word formation processes and often from seemingly nothing. For Example: cyborg (cybernetic and organism), One complete word is combined with part of another word. The aim of this study is to identify abbreviations, interpret their meanings and to analyze the word formation processes and semantic changes that are involved in new words. For Example: guesstimate (guess and estimate), Two words are blended around a common sequence of sounds. Some acronyms create new words that are so commonly used, we forget they’re actually a series of letters from a longer word or phrase. GDP ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. flectional affixes in a language, word order and function words are used to express certain grammatical meanings and relationships (cf. It is a deliberate attempt creating misspelled word. For example, the two bases back and … alternation. e. (a) sitcom. Coinage is the invention of totally new words. Explain CLIPPING as a method of word-formation. For example: The English compound doghouse, where house is the head and dog is the modifier, is understood as a house intended for a dog. 3Some linguists prefer to use -(e)s1 for the third person singular and -(e)s2 for the plural. Identify the word-formation process illustrated by the following: sleep + walk --> sleepwalk. Affixation is accomplished by means of a large number of small bits of the English language which are not usually given in listings in the dictionary. In its wider sense word formation denotes the processes of creation of new vocabulary units. Word Segmentation for Classification of text Anusha Venkataraman Compounding is a highly productive word-formation process in some languages that is often problematic for natural language processing applications. Measurements are commonly reduced to abbreviations such as “cm” for “centimeters” or “in.” for “inch”. Formation of Blendings: Most blends are formed by one of the following methods: Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. BBC, UNHCR. Consumers everywhere have been merrily spending with their credit cards. Paratrooper, for example, is a clipped form of parachutist trooper. Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Hardware Description Language. For Example: phone(telephone), varsity (university), chute (parachute), coon (raccoon), gator(alligator), pike (turnpike). Great number of English words have been borrowed from other languages. The borrowed words are called loan words. carb (for carbohydrate) clipping to shorten a word … Another good way to differentiate them is that acronyms don’t just shorten words, they often simplify a long organization name, scientific term or idea. Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. Explain INITIALISM and ACRONYM as methods of word-formation, 2. endocentric and exocentric. lain COINAGE as a method of word-formation. Some are acceptable in formal writing, and others aren’t. Dr. Joseph Koyippally (College of Education, University of Hail). Speaking emphaticallyis stating something in a definite (and often loud) way. GIMP Tool Kit America OnLine Instant Messenger, i.e. For examples are: cablegram (cabletelegram), op art (optical art), org-man (organization man). 4. Phil __________, sport (game) __________ 6. wig __________, pike (road) __________ 7. cute __________, bus __________ 8. Coinages are words invented by accident or intentionally mainly from no evident source. We can put emphasison an idea by stressing its value or by explaining it thoroughly. The typical process of coinage usually involves the extension of a product name from a specific reference to a more general one. c. (to) network. The beginnings of two words are combined. a. curio. Word formation processes are basically how new words are created and become part of the language. advertisement + entertainment → advertainment, afterthoughtful (afterthought + thoughtful), infotainment (information + entertainment), textpectation (text message + expectation), French, including Old French and early Anglo-French: 28.3%, Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%, Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25%, Greek: 5.32% •No etymology given or unknown: 4.03%, All other languages contributed less than 1%, roughneck _ 6. pop _, codgerhood _ 7. cream puff _, clink (of glasses) _ 8. wheeze _, doodad _ 9. weirdoism _, dacron _ 10. exflux _, disco __________ 10. memo __________, taxi __________ 11.
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